THEOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
BIOGRAPHY AND GLOSSARY

TABULA:

See Tabula rasa

TABULA RASA:

* (Locke)

Talmage, Thomas DeWitt:

(1832-1901) US Presbyterian preacher; sermons poorly organized; his illustrations became the proof of his points

Tatian:

(c 110-172) Gnostic apologist; wrote Diatessaron, a harmony of the Gospels

Tauler, Johannes:

(c 1300-1361) German Dominican preacher and mystic; allegorical

Tausen, Hans:

(1494-1561) Danish bishop; Reformer

TAUTOLOGIES:

*

TAUTOLOGY:

In a general sense any statement whose denial would be self-contradictory. E.g., "If you're here, you're here." Strictly speaking, tautologies are compound statements that are true or false by virtue of their form only, regardless of the nature of the content.

Taylor, Alfred Edward:

(1869-1945) Congregational preacher and theologian; professor at St Andrews, Edinburgh and Yale; wrote 1. Elements of Metaphysics and 2. The Faith of a Moralist; founder of New Haven theology; modified Calvinism; ethical emphasized; Philosophy of Spirit; spirit is ultimate reality but not same as Hegelian thought; man not only a purely physical being but also a spiritual one; all things (even inanimate things) have a kind of spiritual life of their own; emphasized on spirit as the agent of action, rather than merely thought; strong empirical emphasized

Taylor, Jeremy:

(1613-1667) Anglican preacher

Taylor, William Mackergo:

(1829-1895) Scottish Congregational pastor

Teikmanis, Arthur:

(1914-____) US Reformed preacher

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre:

(1881-1955) French Jesuit geologist; wrote The Phenomenon of Man; cosmic evolution similar to process theology; Realist metaphysics

TELEOLOGICAL:

See Teleological argument for God; and Teleological ethics

TELEOLOGICAL:

See Teleological ethical theory and "Teleological outlook of Physical reality"

TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

See Teleological argument for God

TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD:

*

TELEOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY:

Concerned with ends or the good rather than with moral obligation as such. Considerations of moral value have priority over considerations of moral obligation. Concepts of obligation, such as duty, ought, or right are definable in terms of concepts of value. Rightness is dependent on or connected in some way with the goodness or value of action or consequences.

TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS:

*

TELEOLOGICAL OUTLOOK OF PHYSICAL REALITY:

All things have an inherent tendency to fulfill a purpose. Aristotle said all substances possess entelechia (inherent tendencies) toward a telos (end).

TELEOLOGY:

See Teleological ethical theory Teleological outlook of physical reality; Act teleology; and Rule teleology

Temple, Frederick:

(1821-1902) Anglican; Archbishop of Canterbury; emphasized social action

Temple, William:

(1881-1944) Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury; wrote Nature, Man and God; Realist metaphysics; ecumenical leader; sought social reform; crusaded against slums, usury, dishonest, and greed in business

TEN:

See Ten Commandments

TEN COMMANDMENTS:

*

Tennant, Frederick Robert:

(1866-1957) Anglican theologian and philosopher; wrote 1. Philosophical Theology and 2. The Concept of Sin; taught at Cambridge University; empirical epistemology; ethical emphasized; Philosophy of Spirit; spirit is ultimate reality but not same as Hegelian thought; man not only a purely physical being but also a spiritual one; all things (even inanimate things) have a kind of spiritual life of their own; emphasized on spirit as the agent of action, rather than merely thought; strong empirical emphasized

Tennent, Gilbert:

(1703-1764) US Presbyterian preacher; son of William; travelled with Whitefield; preached "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry"; helped start College of New Jersey (Princeton).

Tennent, William:

(1673-1746) US Presbyterian founded Princeton; worked with Whitefield.

Tenney, Merrill Chapin:

(1905-1985) professor at Wheaton College; wrote New Testament Survey; helped translate NIV.

Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens:

(c 160-c 225) Latin Church Father; became a Montanist; coined the word Trinity as one substance manifested in three persons; developed understanding of original sin and relationship between faith and reason; wrote a long answer to Marcion; late in life he joined the sect of Montanists

Thales:

(636-546 BC) Greek philosopher and scientist. One of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. Founder of Greek geometry, astronomy, and philosophy. Said that water (moisture) was the primary element from which the world was formed.

THEISM:

It says religion is that which deals with the "unseen environment of absolute worth which demands worship" (Oman). Also See Theism, limited; Theism, absolute; atheism; Bitheism; Empirical theism; Monotheism; Henotheism; Pantheism; Polytheism; Panentheism; Absolute theism; and Limited theism

THEISM, ABSOLUTE:

Believes in one personal God (monotheism) having all the qualities of perfection: Omnipotence, Omnipresence, Omniscience, Love, Truth, etc. He is external to the world as creator and sustainer, but is actively involved in the world and concerned.

THEISM, LIMITED:

God has goodness, but not absolute power.

THEODICY:

Epicurus said, either God would remove evil out of this world, and cannot; or He can, and will not; or He has not the power nor will; or He has both the power and will. If He has the will and not the power, this shows weakness which is contrary to the nature of God. If He has the power but not the will, this is malignity and thus contrary to His nature. If He is neither willing nor able, He is both impotent and malignant and thus cannot be God. If He is both willing and able (which is consistent with the nature of God), where does evil come from and why doesn't He prevent it? Possible answers: Evil is the result of man's wickedness (but what about non-human evils: plagues, floods; or suffering innocent children?). Good can come of evil (but doesn't evil breed more evil?). Evil brings good in the long run (but men must live in the short run). Evil is a moral exercise (but why do innocent people need the exercise). Evil is undesirable but an unavoidable aspect of the best of possible worlds (but isn't God the one responsible for the design of the world?). What we call evil is not really evil but good (but if everything is good and we think it is evil, isn't that error an evil in itself?) Evil is necessary to highlight the good (but isn't good able to recommend itself?).

Theodore of Mopsuestia:

(c350-428) Antiochene; against allegorical approach to the Bible

Theodoret of Cyrrhus:

(c393-458) Bishop of Cyrrhus in Syria; mediated in Nestorian controversy; deposed and exiled by Robber Synod of Ephesus; restored by Council of Chalcedon

Theodotus:

(2nd cent) Byzantine leather merchant; introduced dynamic monarchianism to Rome; Jesus became Christ at His baptism or His resurrection

THEOLOGICAL:

See Theological utilitarianism

THEOLOGICAL UTILITARIANISM:

*

THEOLOGY:

* See Process theology; Empirical theology; Existential theology; Natural theology; New England theology; Process philosophy and theology; Rational theology; and Radical theology

THEORIES:

general explanatory statements involving specifically non-observable entities.

THEORY OF MIND:

See Parallelism as a theory of mind

THEORY OF PHYSICAL REALITY:

See Prekinetic theories of physical reality; Prekinetic theories of physical reality

THEORY OF THE INTRINSIC A PRIORI:

see A Priori, Theory of the Intrinsic.

THEORY OF TRUTH:

See Pragmatic theory of truth

THERAPEUTIC:

See Conceptual therapy

THERAPEUTIC ANALYSIS:

See Conceptual therapy *

THERAPY:

See Conceptual therapy

THESIS:

See Thesis-antithesis-synthesis

THESIS-ANTITHESIS-SYNTHESIS:

*

THING-AS-IT-APPEARS:

* (Kant)

THING-IN-ITSELF:

* (Kant)

Tholuck, Friedrich August:

(1799-1877) Evangelical German Lutheran

Thomas:

See Aquinas, Thomas; Kempis, Thomas a; Thomas, William Henry Griffith

Thomas a Kempis:

see Kempis, Thomas a

Thomas Aquinas:

see Aquinas, Thomas

Thomas, William Henry Griffith:

(1861-1924) Anglican who worked with R. A. Torrey and James M. Gray; a founder of Dallas Theological Seminary

THOMISM:

See Aquinas, Thomas and Neo-thomism

Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin):

(1824-1907) British mathematician and physicist. Worked in physics of heat and work; proposed Kelvin scale of temperature; made many scientific discoveries and technical improvements

Thornton, Lionel Spencer:

(1884-1960) Anglican; wrote 1. The Incarnate Lord and 2. Revelation and the Modern World; Realist metaphysics

THOUGHT:

See Laws of thought

Tillich, Paul:

(1886-1965) German-US theologian; wrote 1. Dynamics of Faith, 2. Theology of Culture, 3. The Courage to Be, 4. The New Being, and 5. Systematic Theology (3 vols). He used existential philosophy to create new theology not like liberalism or neo-orthodoxy; God is not a being nor a Supreme Being; but as the ground or power of all being is basically panentheistic. Being is that in which all existence is grounded, but from which human existence is estranged. "Man is estranged from the ground of his being, from other beings, and from himself." Whereas Sartre sees an existential estrangement of human consciousness from all there is (i.e., being-in-itself) and a realization that in-itself consciousness is nothingness, Tillich sees an existential estrangement from the ground of being (i.e., the ground of all there is, including, e.g., human relations). He calls for a courage to be in the face of the various threats of non-being arising from estrangement. The goal is a new being, which occurs in a relationship of openness and acceptance to being. The new being is found in a love which manifests the power of being as a power of reconciling the estranged. Existential estrangement, e.g., arises from ultimate concern about that which is not ultimate. What ought to arouse ultimate concern is the unconditional ground of being itself. Hence concern, e.g., for a theistic God who is a personal being, but nonetheless a being alongside other beings, is not concern for being itself. The concern perpetuates estrangement because only being itself transcends all that exists as its ground, and only the concern for it that is manifested as love can bring about the new being.

Tillotson, John:

(1630-1694) Anglican; Archbishop of Canterbury

TIME:

See Space-time; Time, conceptual; Time, perceptual *

TIME, CONCEPTUAL:

The spatialized or mechanized time of clocks and mechanical counters one, continuous, and infinite, having one irreversible dimension (i.e., the absolute time of classical physics).

TIME, PERCEPTUAL:

Experiential or "lived through" time, the succession of specious presents (units of lived-through presents rather than knife-edged presents), heteromorphic (each moment unique), essentially subjective but sharable in the group experiences of given cultures.

Tindal, Matthew:

(c 1655-1733) English Roman Catholic Deist and rationalist. Said state, not priests, have authority. Religion has no miraculous element. Religion is good only for morality. Christianity must be tested by natural religion. Wrote Christianity as Old as the Creation. Creation is perfect, so nothing can or should be added to it.

Tittle, Ernest Fremont:

(1885-1949) US pastor served 31 years in church in Illinois

Toland, John:

(1670-1722) Irish Deist; denied that Christianity introduced anything not previously known; wrote 1. Christianity Not Mysterious.

Tolstoy, Count Leo Nikolaevich:

(1828-1910) existentialist Russian; wrote 1. Death of Ivan Illich and 2. War and Peace; rejected war and embraced poverty, labor, and vegetarianism

Torrey, Reuben Archer:

(1856-1928) US Presbyterian/Congregational; graduate of Yale; worked with Moody

TOTALITARIANISM:

*

TOUGH-MINDED:

See Instrumentalism

TOUGH-MINDED PRAGMATISM:

See Instrumentalism *

Toynbee, Arnold Joseph:

(1889-1975) historian; wrote 1. An Historian's Approach to Religion and 2. A Study of History; history has some unitary order or design; it is orderly, rational flow of events that is going somewhere.

Tozer, A. W. [Aiden Wilson]:

(1897-1963) Alliance pastor. Known for his powerful sermons and inciteful books. Wrote many books including 1. Knowledge of the Holy and 2. The Pursuit of God.

TRANSCENDENTAL:

See Kantianism; and Transcendental phenomenology

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM:

See Kantianism *

TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY:

* (Husserl)

TRANSCENDENCE:

see Dimensional Beyondness; and Self-transcendence

TRANSGRESSION:

See Category transgression

Trine, Ralph Waldo:

(1866-1958) wrote In Tune with the Infinite; Absolute Idealism

Troeltsch, Ernst:

(1865-1923) German theologian, philosopher, and social philosopher; liberal; Hegelian; wrote 1. Christian Thought: Its History and Application, 2. Gesammelte Schriften, and 3. The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches.

Trueblood, Elton:

(1900-1994) US Quaker; Teacher

Truett, George Washington:

(1867-1944) US Southern Baptist; served 41 years in one church; accidentally shot a deacon on a hunting trip

Trumbull, Henry Clay:

(1830-1903) US Congregational founder of The Sunday School Times

TRUTH:

* See Pragmatic theory of truth

TRYING:

*

Tucker, William Jewett:

(1839-1926) US Congregational pastor

Turretin, Francis:

(1623-1687)Swiss Reformed theologian; Calvinistic scholasticism. Wrote Institutes of Elenctic Theology.

Tyconius:

(4th cent) Donatist theologian; postmillennial view influenced Augustine

Tylor, Edward Burnett:

(1832-1917) Anthropology professor at Oxford; Positivist; Naturalist; wrote Primitive Culture.

Tyndale, William:

(c1494-1536) English Reformer forced into exile; published translation of NT; hounded all over Europe by his enemies; arrested and executed in Brussels.

TYPES:

See Types, theory

TYPES, THEORY:

* (Russell)

Tyrrell, George:

(1861-1909) Irish modernist theologian; left Anglican for Jesuit order; critical of Roman Catholic so dismissed; wrote 1. Christianity at the Crossroads, 2. Lex Orandi, 3. Medievalism: A Reply to Cardinal Mercier, and 4. Through Scylla and Charybdis

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