THEOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL
BIOGRAPHY AND GLOSSARY

Cadbury, Henry:

(1883-1974) US NT scholar; Society of Friends; he warned of dangers of modernizing Jesus and of archaizing our faith.

Cadman, Samuel Parkes:

(1864-1936) British Congregational pastor; early radio preacher.

Caird, Edward:

(1835-1908) British professor at Glasgow and Balliol College, Oxford; wrote The Evolution of Religion. Held Absolute Idealism. See entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, in University of Aberdeen, and in 1911 Encyclopedia

Caird, John:

(1820-1898) Scottish pastor, theologian, philosopher; neo-Hegelian; authority on Spinoza. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Cairns, John:

(1818-1892) Scottish pastor served 30 years in one church. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Cajetan, Thomas de Vio:

(1469-1534) Dominican cardinal, theologian, philosopher; defended power and authority of pope; tried to persuade Luther to recant. See entry in Catholic Encyclopedia

Calderwood, David:

(1575-1650) Scottish Presbyterian pastor. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Calixtus, George:

(1586-1656) developed a school of thought based on a system of principles known as syncretism in which he attempted to harmonize the sects of the Protestants and ultimately the whole church. He was opposed by Abraham Calovius

Calovius, Abraham:

(1612-1686) German Lutheran; defended strict orthodoxy; against Syncretists and George Calixtus who wanted to unite Lutheran; Reformed; and Roman Catholic churches. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Calvin, John:

(1509-1564) French scholar who studied law; key figure of Reformation because of his Institutes of the Christian Religion; criticized for his stern theology and discipline; preached 3000 expository sermons in 15 years; wrote commentaries on 49 books of Scripture. See entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and in Catholic Encyclopedia

CALVINISM:

The view which John Calvin taught. Also see Congruism.

CALVINIST:

A person who holds to the doctrines and emphasis of Calvinism

CAMBRIDGE:

See Cambridge School and Cambridge Platonism

CAMBRIDGE PLATONISM:

*

CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL:

*

Cameron, Richard:

(c1648-1680) Scottish Covenant preacher; martyred.

Campbell, Alexander:

(1788-1866) One of the founders of Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) as a movement to end denominationalism; followers are called Campbellites; son of Thomas Campbell.

Campbell, Charles Arthur:

(1897-1974) British professor at Bangor Wales and Glasgow; wrote 1. Skepticism and Construction and 2. On Selfhood and Godhood. Held Absolute Idealism. See entry in University of Aberdeen

Campbell, Reginald John:

(1867-1956) British Congregational who became Anglican; preached controversial "new theology" that led to his resignation; wrote The New Theology. Held Absolute Idealism. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Campbell, Thomas:

(1763-1854) Scottish-Irish pastor; also founded Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).

Camus, Albert:

(1913-1960) Existential philosopher, novelist, playwright; wrote 1. The Rebel and 2. The Plague; emphasized the absurd.

Candlish, Robert S.:

(1806-1873) Scottish Presbyterian leader of Free Church.

Cant, Andrew:

(1590-1663) Scottish Covenant preacher of large church.

Caraccioli, Robert:

(1517-1586) Italian Reformer; protestant

Cargill, Donald Daniel:

(c1619-1681) Scottish Covenanter pastor in Glasgow from c.1655 until 1662, when he was expelled for denouncing the Restoration and resisting the establishment of the episcopacy in Scotland. After escaping wounded from the battle of Bothwell Bridge (1679), he joined Richard Cameron in the Sanquhar Declaration (1680) against Charles II. Cargill, having excommunicated the king, the duke of York, and others, was arrested and executed. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Carlstadt, Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein von:

(c 1480-1541) German reformer; defended Ninety-five Theses in debate against Eck; condemned with Luther in papal bull; went beyond Luther's views and split from him; influenced Swiss Anabaptists.

Carnahan, James:

President of Princeton from 1823-54

Carnap, Rudolf:

(1891-1970) Logical positivist; member of the Vienna Circle; propositions of science can be verified by experience; rejected correspondence theory of truth; wrote 1. Logical Syntax of Language, 2. Philosophy and Logical Syntax, 3. Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic, 4. Logical Foundations of Probability, and 5. The Continuum of Inductive Method. See entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Carneades:

(214-129 BC) Greek philosopher; studied under Diogenes the Stoic, but reacted against Stoicism and joined the Academy, where he taught a skepticism similar to that of Arcesilaus. He denied the possibility of absolute certainty in knowledge; it is disputed whether he held that probable knowledge was adequate to guide a person's actions. He recognized three degrees of probability, and his teaching anticipated modern discussions of the nature of empirical knowledge. See entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Carnell, Edward John:

(1919-1967) leader of new evangelicalism; emphasized evangelical scholarship; taught at Fuller theologian Seminary; wrote 1. An Introduction to Christian Apologetics, 2. Christian Commitment, and 3. The Case for Orthodox Theology.

Carroll, Benajah Harvey:

(1843-1914) Southern Baptist preacher; founded Southwestern Baptist Seminary; had photographic memory.

Carson, Alexander:

(1776-1844) Scot who preached 41 years in one church in Ireland. Wrote Baptism: Its Mode and Subjects.

Carson, D. A.:

Canadian; Professor of New Testament at TEDS; author or editor of many Christian reference works including Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility and From Sabbath to Lord's Day.

Carstares, William:

(1649-1715) Church of Scotland preacher. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Carswell, John:

(1550-1570) Protestant monk in Iona; pastor.

CARTESIAN METHOD:

*

CARTESIANISM:

A form of Intuitionism which states that the mind is capable of knowing innate ideas without reasoning.

Cartwright, Peter:

(1785-1872) US Methodist; circuit-riding preacher who started many churches in frontier US.

Cartwright, Thomas:

(1535-1603) Presbyterian Puritan; wrote Holy Discipline; imprisoned several times for defense of Puritanism. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Cassirer, Ernst:

(1874-1945) German philosopher and historian of ideas, leading exponents of neo-Kantian thought; wrote The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms

CASUISTRY:

The applying of moral laws or rules to specific cases.

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE:

A moral command that is unconditionally and universally binding (Kant).

CATEGORIES:

(Aristotle); (Kant); (Peirce) *

CATEGORY:

See Category transgression and Category mistake

CATEGORY MISTAKE:

(Ryle) *

CATEGORY TRANSGRESSION:

According to linguistic or analytical philosophy, a transition from one type of proposition or "language game" to another.

CATHARI:

a medieval hertical group which began in the early 11th century as an outgrowth of Paulicians and Bogomils. Followers were persecuted by the Inquisition and several crusades; they were burned at the stake. They were dualistic docetic and very ascetic (opposed marriage); rejected sacraments; believed themselves to be the only true church; divided into Perfect (the only ones saved) and the Believers; believed in reincarnation; rejected purgatory and indulgences; practiced suicide by starvation; pacifistic. Also called Patarenes or Albigensians.

CATHOLIC:

See Catholic modernism and Catholic mysticism

CATHOLIC MODERNISM:

*

CATHOLIC MYSTICISM:

*

CAUSAL:

See Cosmological (causal) argument for God

CAUSAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD:

See Cosmological (causal) argument for God

CAUSALITY:

See Causality method and "Causality principle"

CAUSALITY METHOD:

You can understand God by investigating the creation and attributing to Him whatever characteristics were necessary to cause it.

CAUSALITY PRINCIPLE:

All occurrences are the necessary consequences of previous events.

CAUSE:

A relation between events, processes, or entities in the same time series so that when one occurs, the other invariably follows. When the relation is conceived as necessary, the doctrine is hard determinism. When the relation is viewed as constant conjunction, the doctrine is soft determinism or positivism. Also see Efficient cause See First cause

CAUSE, MULTIPLE:

J. S. Mill said that cause is "the sum total of the conditions positive and negative taken together which being realized, the consequent invariably follows."

CAUSES, FOUR:

Aristotle's theory that cause is not only efficient (as an act or a force) but also material (as the potential of matter), formal (as something directed according to plan), and final (as something initiated by some purpose or end). This theory of cause is seen in terms of a resulting end which is aimed at, but as yet it does not exits.

Cavert, Samuel M.:

(1888-1976) US ecumenical leader; editor of Pulpit Digest.

Cazalla, Augustino:

(1510-1559) Spanish Reformer; martyred.

Cecil, Richard:

(1748-1810) Anglican preached 40 min. messages which were short for that day.

Gerson:

See Jean Charlier

CERTAINTY:

*

Chaderton, Laurence:

(1546-1640) English Puritan; helped translate KJV. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Chafer, Lewis Sperry:

(1871-1952) Dispensational theologian; founded Dallas theologian Seminary; edited Bibliotheca Sacra; wrote 1. Systematic Theology, 2. The Kingdom in History and Prophecy, and 3. Major Bible Themes.

Chalmers, Thomas:

(1780-1847) Church of Scotland; helped found Free Church.

Chambers, Oswald:

(1874-1917) British Non-conformist preacher and devotional writer; wrote My Utmost for His Highest.

CHANGE:

See Four factors of change

Channing, William Ellery:

(1780-1842) US Unitarian liberal pastor and theologian; preached on fatherhood of God and brotherhood of man.

Chapman, John Wilbur:

(1859-1918) US Presbyterian evangelist; associated with Moody.

Chappell, Clovis Gillham:

(1882-1972) US Methodist preacher.

Chardin:

See Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

CHARISMATIC:

See Charismatic movement

CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT:

Emphasizes charismatic gifts (unusual or miraculous gifts such as speaking in tongues, healing, and raising the dead). Surged to prominence in 1950.

Charles, Thomas:

(1755-1814) Welsh Methodist; Calvinistic preacher and Sunday School promoter. See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia

Charlier, Jean:

(1363-1429) (AKA: John Charlier of Gerson) French Roman Catholic theologian and Reformer. See entry in Catholic Encyclopedia

Charnock, Stephen:

(1628-1680) Puritan Presbyterian; wrote 1. The Existence and Attributes of God, and 2. The Doctrine of Regeneration.

Chartres:

See Fulbert de Chartres

Chauncy, Charles:

(1705-1787) US Congregational critic of Jonathan Edwards and revival movement; stressed intellect rather than the emotions.

CHEAP GRACE:

Term coined by Bonhoeffer. Acceptance of forgiveness and God's gifts without repentance and obedience.

Chemnitz, Martin:

(1522-1586) Lutheran theologian; consolidated Lutheranism after Luther.

CHICAGO SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY:

Liberal theological school associated with University of Chicago in early part of twentieth century. Had a strong affinity with pragmatism and process theology.

Childs, Brevard Springs:

(1923-2007) professor at Yale; pointed out the decline of the biblical-theology movement; known for canon criticism.

CHOICE:

See Freedom of choice or decision

CHRIST EVENT:

The incarnation. Used by those who think of revelation as a historical event instead of a disclosure of the nature and attributes of Christ.

Chillingworth, William:

(1602-1644) Anglican apologist

CHRISTIAN ETHICS:

is both teleological (is done in reference to eternal bliss in heaven, greatest happiness as God's will) and deontological (is done in reference to obedience to God's will as good because God says so, or it is His will that it be so, etc.). See Agapistic Ethics.

CHRISTIAN EXISTENTIALISM:

See Protestant neo-orthodoxy *

CHRISTIAN IDEALISM:

*

CHRISTOLOGY:

See Functional christology

Chrysippus:

(282-209 BC) Stoic; knowledge arises solely from perceptions; class-concepts (ideas) are subjective but are nevertheless shared by all men as a common rationality, hence the existence of common sense and innate ideas; truth is that which accords with common sense as the common consent of rational men.

Chrysostom, John:

(347-407) Forthright, eloquent preacher in his home city, but was kidnapped and forced to become the Archbishop of Constantinople; his direct and frank preaching caused Empress Eudosia to banish him because she thought he insulted her; he was soon recalled, but not tamed. He was banished again where he died in the desert; 30 years later his bones were brought back and buried with great pomp; "Chrysostom" means "Golden Mouth"; wrote On the Priesthood.

CHURCH GROWTH MOVEMENT:

A movement begun by Donald McGavran in 1961 to study and teach what causes congregations to grow. Concentrates on secular reasons.

Cicero:

(106-32 BC)

Clairvaux:

See Bernard of Clairvaux

Clarke, Adam:

(1762-1832) English Methodist; wrote Bible commentary. See entry in Christian Courier

CLASSICAL:

See Classical idealism; Classical physics; Classical realism

CLASSICAL IDEALISM:

*

CLASSICAL PHYSICS:

*

CLASSICAL REALISM:

*

Claude, Jean:

(1619-1687) French protestant; wrote On the Composition of a Sermon.

Clement:

See Clement of Alexandria and Clement of Rome

Clement of Alexandria:

(c 150-220) Greek theologian; head of school of Alexandria; said "Philosophers are children until they have been made men by Christ."

Clement of Rome:

(c 30-100) First century bishop in Rome; wrote early letter to Corinthian church.

Clifton, Richard:

(1545-1616) Puritan pastor.

CLOSED CONTINUUM:

The universe is bound and governed by fixed and inviolable natural laws, so that miracles are impossible (Bultmann).

Clow, William M.:

(1853-1930) Church of Scotland; preacher; taught preachers.

Cocceius, Johannes:

(1603-1669) German reformed theologian; developed idea of the covenants of works and grace; federal theology.

Coffin, Henry Sloane:

(1887-1954) US Presbyterian; taught at Union Theological Seminary; ecumenical leader; advocated Social Gospel; wrote 1. In a Day of Social Rebuilding and 2. The Meaning of the Cross.

COGITO ERGO SUM:

(Descartes) *

COGNITIVE:

See Cognitive meaning

COGNITIVE MEANING:

*

COGNITIVIST ETHICS:

a Metaethical theory which holds that ethical terms and statements are informative. Includes Supernaturalism; Subjective Naturalism; Instrumentalism; and Non-naturalism. Also see Non-cognitivist ethics

Cohen, Hermann:

(1842-1918) professor at Marburg; wrote Ethik; Neo-Kantian.

COHERENCE:

See Coherence theory of truth

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH:

An idea or proposition is true if it fits, if it is consistent with, or if it is necessitated by the totality of truth of which it is a part.

Coke, Thomas:

(1747-1814) Methodist preacher and leader after John Wesley.

Colet, John:

(c 1467-1519) Dean of St. Paul's; friend of Erasmus.

Collins, Anthony:

(1676-1729) Deist who said that since biblical writers were freethinkers, so should we be; there is no real correspondence between OT prophecies and the life of Christ; wrote 1. A Discourse of Free Thinking and 2. Discourse on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion.

COMMANDMENT:

See First commandment

COMMANDMENTS:

See Ten Commandments

COMMON:

See Naive realism

COMMON-SENSE:

See Naive realism and Common-Sense School

COMMON-SENSE REALISM:

See Naive realism

COMMON-SENSE SCHOOL:

*

COMMUNISM:

*

COMPATIBILISM:

See Soft Determinism

COMPATIBILISM:

* reconciliationist ethics

COMPATIBILISTIC:

See Compatibilistic freedom

COMPATIBILISTIC FREEDOM:

Human freedom is not inconsistent with God's having rendered certain what is to happen.

COMPLEMENTARITY:

See Uncertainty Principle

COMPLEMENTARITY PRINCIPLE:

see Uncertainty Principle

Comte, Auguste:

(1798-1857) French philosopher who founded positivism. Wrote Cours de philosophie positive (6 vol.). Society goes through three stages: theological stage where everything is attributed to supernatural beings (highest form is monotheism); metaphysical stage where everything is attributed to abstract forces; scientific or positive stage where laws or relationships of phenomena are clearly known. This third stage has a positive social order (stressing orderliness and progress) and positive religion (worship directed not to God but to humanity).

CONCEPTUAL:

See Time, conceptual; Space, conceptual; Conceptual realism; and Conceptual therapy

CONCEPTUAL PRAGMATISM:

A version of the pragmatic theory of meaning, knowledge, and verification advanced by C. I. Lewis, where he said that knowledge is viewed as the joint product of experience and of the activity of thought. Unlike Kant's forms, Lewis's forms of thought are alternative and culturally determined conceptual schemes. They are not the universal and necessary forms of all minds.

CONCEPTUAL REALISM:

(Frege) *

CONCEPTUAL THERAPY:

*

CONCEPTUALISM:

*

CONCERN:

See Ultimate concern

Condillac:

(1715-1780)

Condition:

See Necessary condition

CONE, JAMES H.:

(1938-____) Black theologian; wrote Black Theology and Black Power; spokesman for black theology.

CONFIRMABILITY:

See Confirmation

CONFIRMATION:

Also called Confirmability *

CONGRUISM:

A form of Calvinism which holds that God renders certain what occurs, but that He does so by working with the human will, so that the human being freely chooses that which God intends.

CONJUNCTION:

See Constant conjunction

CONNECTION:

See Necessity

CONSCIENCE:

See Moral conscience, ethics based on

CONSCIOUSNESS:

* * See Freedom as pure consciousness and Self-consciousness

CONSEQUENT:

See Consequent nature

CONSEQUENT NATURE:

The concrete actuality and activity of God in relation to the process of the world (A. N. Whitehead).

CONSERVATION:

See Conservation principle

CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE:

neither mass nor energy is created or destroyed.

CONSERVATIVE:

One who endeavors to maintain or preserve that which has been; in theology, one who emphasizes holding to the authority of the Bible's teachings. Opposite to Liberals.

CONSTANT:

See Constant conjunction

CONSTANT CONJUNCTION:

*

Constantine the Great:

(c 275-337) Roman emperor who accepted Christianity in 313, thus establishing Christianity as the official religion of Roman Empire; presided over the first General Christian Council at Nicaea; he was not baptized until days before he died so that he might enter heaven with as few sins as possible.

CONSTRUCTIVE:

See Constructive theology and Constructive function of philosophy

CONSTRUCTIVE FUNCTION:

See Constructive function of philosophy

CONSTRUCTIVE FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHY:

*

CONSTRUCTIVE THEOLOGY:

The attempt to synthesize or formulate a theology and especially the work of a group of non-evangelical American theologians formed in the 1970s. Believing the traditional or orthodox theology to be no longer tenable, they have attempted to reshape doctrines to suit the modern world.

CONSTRUCTS:

See Logical constructs and Phenomenalism

CONTEXTUAL:

See Situation ethics

CONTEXTUAL ETHICS:

See Situation ethics *

CONTEXTUALISM:

*

CONTINENTAL RATIONALISM:

See Rationalism *

CONTINGENT:

See Contingent being

CONTINGENT BEING:

Something that does not exist in and of itself but depends for its existence upon some other being.

CONTINUUM:

See Closed continuum

CONTRADICTION:

See Non-contradiction, law of

CONVENTIONALISM:

Poincare's theory of knowledge, where he said that necessary or a priori knowledge as it is found in mathematics or logic is conventional, being a choice among a number of possibilities and incapable of validation either rationally or empirically.

Conwell, Russell H.:

(1843-1925) Baptist; preached a sermon "Acres of Diamonds" which brought in enough money to build Tremont Temple.

Cook, Francis:

(1747-1814) second best Methodist preacher next to John Wesley; at age 70 he volunteered for missionary work and died among the West Indians.

Cooke, Henry:

(1788-1868) Irish Presbyterian opposed liberalism; "the champion of orthodoxy"; pastored one church for 40 years.

Cooper, A. A., Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury:

(1801-1885) Served in British Parliament; headed Lunacy Commission for humane treatment of insane; promoted passage of female and child labor laws.

CORRESPONDENCE:

See Correspondence theory of truth

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH:

An idea or proposition is true when it accurately and adequately resembles or represents the reality it is supposed to describe. E.g., The statement, "It is raining now" is true if in fact rain is falling.

COSMOLOGICAL:

See Cosmological (causal) argument for God

COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD:

See Cosmological (causal) argument for God

COSMOLOGICAL (CAUSAL) ARGUMENT FOR GOD:

*

COSMOLOGY:

The study of the origin and structure of the universe. Though more specific in subject matter than ontology; metaphysics; or natural science, it cannot be sharply distinguished from them.

Cotton, John:

(1585-1652) US Anglican Puritan pastor in Boston for 21 years; forced out of England by Archbishop Laud; advocated exile of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson; wrote 1. The Keyes of the Kingdom of Heaven and 2. The Way of the Churches of Christ in New England.

Cousin, Victor:

(1792-1867) French educational leader and philosopher, founder of the eclectic school. He lectured at the Sorbonne from 1814 until 1821, when political reaction forced him to leave. Recalled to teaching in 1828, Cousin was named in 1830 to the council of public instruction and was made councillor of state.

Coverdale, Miles:

(1488-1568) English Reformer; Anglican; translated first complete English Bible (Great Bible and Geneva Bible); assisted William Tyndale; bishop of Exeter; exiled under Mary Tudor.

COVERING-LAW:

See Covering-law model of explanation

COVERING-LAW MODEL:

See Covering-law model of explanation

COVERING-LAW MODEL OF EXPLANATION:

* (Hempel)

Craddock, Walter:

(1606-1659) English Puritan preacher.

Craig, John:

(1512-1600) Scottish Reformer.

Cranmer, Thomas:

(1489-1556) English Reformer; Archbishop of Canterbury; Supported Henry VIII in effort to divorce Catherine of Aragon; introduced moderate reforms; revised Anglican liturgy produced first and second Book of Common Prayer; martyred for treason and heresy under Mary Tudor; recanted under duress, he denied his recantation while being burned at stake.

CRITICAL:

See Critical function of philosophy; Kantianism; and Representative realism

CRITICAL FUNCTION:

See Critical function of philosophy

CRITICAL FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHY:

*

CRITICAL IDEALISM:

See Kantianism *

CRITICAL REALISM:

See Representative realism *

Croce, Benedetto:

(1866-1952) Italian critic, philosopher, politician, historian; main thesis art is intuition; wrote Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic (1902).

Cromwell, Oliver:

(1599-1658) Congregational Puritan; member of Parliament; led Parliamentary army during Civial War; after execution of Charles I, Cromwell became Lord Protector of England; refused crown.

Cromwell, Thomas:

(c1485-1540) English Reformer; assistant to Cardinal Wolsey; member of Parliament; was vicar-general under Henry VIII; supervised dissolution of monasteries; encouranged translation and publication of Great Bible; tried to allign Henry VIII and German Lutherans; beheaded for treason.

Crosby, Howard:

(1826-1891) US Presbyterian preacher.

Cross:

See John of the Cross

Cullmann, Oscar:

(1902-1999) NT scholar at University of Basel; wrote Christ and Time.

CULTURAL:

See Sociological Relativism

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY:

says "Religion and the concept of God fulfill certain specific functional needs of individuals and groups" (Malinowski). Religion is an attempt to give prescientific explanations of the mysteries of life (Tylor).

CULTURAL RELATIVISM:

see Sociological Relativism. Also called Axiological relativism or Moral relativism

Cumming, John:

(1807-1881) Scottish pastor who preached on prophecy and other controversial themes

Cusa:

See Nicholas of Cusa

Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard:

(1822-1909) Plym. Br. preacher; wrote 22 devotional books

Cyprian:

(c200-258) Wealthy lawyer who was converted because of his disgust with this evil world. Bishop of Carthage; contributed to doctrine of the church; believed in the equality of all bishops in spite of Rome's exclusive claims; said "He who does not have the Church for his mother cannot have God for his Father"

CYNICISM:

*

CYNICS:

*

CYRENAICISM:

See Cyrenaics

CYRENAICS:

* Also called Cyrenaicism

Cyril of Alexandria:

(376-444) theologian who emphasized unity of the person of Christ; doctor of the incarnation; battled the Nestorian heresy by establishing Mary's authentic role as "God-bearer" and not only "Christ-bearer." For his writing about Theotokos, he was declared a doctor

Cyrrhus:

See Theodoret of Cyrrhus

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