DICTIONARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMS - "Ba"

β:

1. Symbol for phase constant.
2. Symbol for ratio of speed to speed of light.
3. The intermediate refractive index in a biaxial crystal.

b:

1. Symbol for susceptance in an ac circuit (unit is the siemens; measured by the negative of the reactive component of the admittance)
2. Symbol for magnetic flux density in a magnetic circuit (unit is the tesla; 1T=1 Wbm^-2=1 Vsm^-2).

B+:

An acronym for battery positive voltage used to designate positive voltage at aor near the battery level.

[B]:

A Fraunhofer line in the red of the solar spectrum, due to absorption by the Earth's atmosphere. [B] Is actually a close group of lines having a head at a wavelength 686.7457 nm.

BA:

An abbreviation for "British Association" which is a term used to describe a series of fine, small diameter threads for electrical and precision equipment.

Babbitt:

An alloy of tin, copper, and antimony having good antifriction properties. Used as a facing for bearings.
Also See:
Babbitt's metal

Babbitt metal:

See:
babbitt
Babbitt's metal

Babbitt's metal:

A bearing alloy originally patented by Isaac Babbitt, composed of 50 parts tin, five antimony, and one copper. Addition of lead greatly extends range of service. Composition varies widely, with tin 5-90%, copper 1.5-6%, antimony 7-10%, lead 5-48.5%.

Babcock and Wilcox boiler:

A water-tube boiler consisting in its simplest form of a horizontal drum from which is suspended a pair of headers carrying between them an inclined bank of straight tubes.

Babo's law:

The vapor pressure of a liquid is lowered when a non-volatile substance is dissolved in it, by an amount proportional to the concentration of the solution.

Baby:

A small incandescent spotlight used in film and television production.

Baby seat:

A specially designed seating device (which is not generally standard equipment) to hold safely very young children (usually under the weight of 10 kilograms).

BAC:

Acronym for " Blood Alcohol Content"

Back:

A large vat used in various industries, such as dyeing, soap-making, and brewing. Also spelled "beck"
Also See:
blow back
die-back
die back
kamm back
popping back
spine-back

Back ampere-turns:

That part of the armature ampere-turns which produces a direct demagnetizing effect on the main poles. Also called demagnetizing ampere-turns

Back annealing:

Controlling the softening of a fully work hardened metal so as to produce the desired degree of temper by partial recrystallization.
Also See:
annealing
temper

Back axle:

The rear axle.

Back axle ratio:

See:
final drive ratio

Back band:

The outside member of a door or window casing.

Backbone:

The major long-distance, multi-channel link in a telecommunication network, from which smaller links branch off
Also See:
backbone frame

Backbone chassis:

See:
backbone frame

Backbone frame:

A frame, having the cross-section of a rectangular box, that runs along the center of the vehicle and occupies the space between the seats. This box generally divides at the front, running along each side of the gearbox and engine up to a crossmember to which the front suspension pieces are attached. At the rear a similar triangular frame encloses the final-drive housing and provides attaching points for the rear suspension. Lightness combined with high torsional rigidity are features of this frame design, made famous by Colin Chapman with the Lotus Elan.
Also See:
tubular backbone frame

Backbone network:

A high-capacity computer network that links together other networks of lower capacity. Fiber optic cables are often used to form these links.

Back coupling:

Any form of coupling which permits the transfer of energy from the output circuit of an amplifier to its input circuit.
Also See:
feedback
regeneration

Back diode:

See:
backward diode

Back edging:

A method of cutting a tile or brick by chipping away the biscuit below the glazed face, the front itself being scribed.

Back emf:

The emf which arises in an inductance (because of rate of change of current), in an electric motor (because of flux cutting) or in a primary cell (because of polarization), or in a secondary cell (when being charged). Also called "counter emf"

Back-emf cells:

Cells connected into an electric circuit in such a way that their emf opposes the flow of current in the circuit.

Back emission:

Emission of electrons from the anode.

Backfire:

1. Passage of unburned fuel mixture into the exhaust system where it is ignited and causes an explosion (backfire) prematurely.
2. Sometimes ignition takes place in the intake manifold by a flame from a cylinder because the intake valve leaks. Burning of the fuel mixture in the intake manifold may be caused by faulty timing, crossed plug wires, leaky intake valve, etc.
3. A welding term referring to a short "pop" of the torch flame followed by extinguishing of the flame or continued burning of the gasses.

Backfiring:

Repeated backfires in the exhaust or the cylinders.

Backfitting:

Making changes to nuclear (and other) plants already designed or built, e.g., to cater to changes in safety criteria.

Back-flap hinge:

A hinge in two square leaves, screwed to the face of a door which is too thin to permit the use of a butt hinge.

Backflow scavenging:

See:
loop scavenging

Backflushing:

See:
flushing the cooling system

Back focus:

The distance between the rear surface of a lens and the image of an object at infinity.

Back gear:

A speed-reducing gear fitted to the headstock of a belt-driven metal-turning lathe. It consists of a simple layshaft, which may be brought into gear with the coned pulley and mandrel when required.

Background:

Extraneous signals arising from any cause which might be confused with the required measurements, e.g., in electrical measurements of nuclear phenomena and of radioactivity, it would include counts emanating from amplifier noise, cosmic rays and insulator leakage.
Also See:
signal-to-noise ratio

Background job:

A task having a low priority within a multiprogramming system.
Also See:
foreground/background processing
job queue
time sharing

Background noise:

Extraneous noise contaminating sound measurements and which cannot be separated from wanted signals. For example residual output from microphones, pickups, lines giving a signal-to-noise ratio. Also called ground noise

Background radiation:

Radiation coming from sources other than that being observed.
Also See:
microwave background

Background video:

(BGV) A technique for overlaying video on previously recorded depth multiplex audio. Also called video on sound (VOS).
Also See:
depth muliplex recording

Backhand welding:

Welding in the direction opposite to the direction that the gas flame is pointing. Also called backward welding.
Also See:
forehand welding

Backheating:

Excess heating of a cathode due to bombardment by high-energy electrons returning to the cathode. In magnetrons, it may be sufficient to keep the cathode at operating temperature without external heating.

Backing:

1. Some material placed on the root side of a weld to aid control of penetration.
2. Light-absorbent layer on the rear surface of photographic film or plate to reduce halation
3. A meterological term describing the changing of a wind in a counter-clockwise direction.
   Also See:
   veering
4. The book binding process by which one half of the sections at the back of a volume are bent over to the right and the other half to the left. The projections formed are joints, to which the case is hinged, by hand or machine. Some machines also simultaneously perform rounding
   

Also See:
steel backing

Backing boards:

Wedge-shaped wooden boards between which an unbound book is held in the lyingpress, while the joints are being formed for attaching the case.

Backing pad:

A rubber disc which is secured to a spindle which in turn is attached to a drill or other tool which rotates the spindle. An abrasive disc or polishing disc is secured to the backing pad.

Backing plate:

1. The part of a drum brake to which the wheel cylinder(s) and the brake shoes are attached.
2. A pressed steel plate upon which the brake shoes, wheel cylinder, and anchor pin are mounted.

Also See:
brake backing plate

Backing-up:

1. Printing on the second side of a sheet.
2. Backing a letterpress printing plate to required height.

Back-kick:

The violent reversal of an internal-combustion engine during starting due to a backfire

Backlash:

1. The amount of "play" or clearance between two parts. In the case of gears, it refers to how much one gear can be moved back and forth without moving the gear into which it is meshed.
2. Mechanical deficiency in a tuning control, with a difference in dial reading between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation.
3. Property of most regenerative and oscillator circuits, by which oscillation is maintained with a smaller positive feedback than is required for inception.

Backlight:

1. The rear window of a vehicle. Most people call it a "rear window" and erroneously think of "backlight" as the taillight.
2. The light source (often a cold cathode discharge in a flat fluorescent envelope) used in some light-modulating flat panel displays such as those based on liquid crystals.

Backlight compensation:

(BLC) The opening of the iris to correctly expose a backlit subject which would otherwise be a silhouette

Backlight defogging system:

Heated rear window

Backlight heater:

Heated rear window

Back lighting:

Lighting illuminating the subject from behind, opposite the camera, often to provide rim light or halo effects.

Back lining:

See:
hollows

Back lobe:

Lobe of polar diagram for antenna, microphone, etc. which points in the reverse direction to that required.

Backlocking:

Holding a signal lever partially restored until completion of a predetermined sequence of operation.

Backmatter:

The items which follow the main text of a book, i.e., appendices, notes, glossary, bibliography, index. The UK term is end matter

Back observation:

An observation made with instrument on station just left. Also called back sight

Back panel:

The panel of the body shell set underneath the trunk lid. It is sometimes referred to as the rear valance if the area below the trunk lid consists of only a single panel that extends down to the bottom of the body; in many designs, however, the rear valance is a separate horizontal panel that extends from the rear bumper area downward. The British term is "rear panel"

Backplate:

British term for brake backing plate

Back porch:

A sort period of black level signal transmitted at the end of the horizontal sync pulse before the picture information.

Back-porch effect:

The prolonging of the collector current in a transistor for a brief time after the input signal (particularly if large) has decreased to zero.

Back pressure:

1. The resistance to the flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust system. By rerouting the exhaust gases for noise suppression, a muffler causes back pressure, but a straight pipe alone causes only minimal back pressure. Some engines require back pressure, so that removing the exhaust system will cause internal damage.
2. Pressure in low side of refrigerating systems; also called suction pressure or low-side pressure.
3. The pressure opposing the motion of the piston of an engine on its exhaust stroke.
4. The exhaust pressure of a turbine. Increased by clogged or defective exhaust system.

Also See:
exhaust back pressure
negative back pressure valve
negative back pressure modulated valve

Back pressure modulated:

See:
negative back pressure modulated valve

Back pressure modulated valve:

See:
negative back pressure modulated valve

Back-pressure turbine:

A steam turbine from which the whole of the exhaust steam, at a suitable pressure, is taken for heating purposes.

Back pressure valve:

See:
negative back pressure valve

Backpressure variable transducer:

(BVT) a system combining a ported EGR valve and a backpressure variable transducer to control emissions of NOx

Back projection:

1. Projection of a picture, from film, transparency, or video, on to a translucent screen to be viewed from the opposite side,
2. A form of motion picture composite photography in which the projected picture forms the background to action taking place in front of it, both being photographed together.

Back rake:

In a lathe tool, the inclination of the top surface or face to a plane parallel to the base of the tool.

Backrest:

The back (upright) part of the seat against which your back reclines.

Back scatter:

The deflection of radiation or particles by scattering through angles greater than 90° with reference to the original direction of travel. Compare forward scatter

Back-seat:

An air conditioning term which means to rotate a service valve counterclockwise all the way down until the valve is back-seated. When referring to a stem type service valve, the term has a more specific meaning-in the back-seated position, the valve outlet to the system is open and the service port in the valve is closed (its normal operating position).

Back seating:

Fluid opening/closing such as a gauge opening; to seat the joint where the valve stem goes through the valve body.

Back sight:

See:
back observation

Backspacing:

Process which maintains synchronization when video recording is stopped and started. The tape being rolled back for roughly one second at the end of a recorded segment then switched into play to compare and synchronize the control track pulses with the incoming synchronization pulses before recording begins again.
Also See:
pie-roll

Back-step:

See:
black-step marks

Back-step welding:

Welding small sections of a joint in a direction opposite the direction that the weld as a whole is progressing.

Backstop:

The structure of a relay which limits the travel of the armature away from the pole-piece or core.

Back-to-back:

Parallel connection of valves, with the anode of one connected to the cathode of the other, or transistors in parallel in opposite directions, to allow control of ac current without rectification. Frequently used with thyratrons and ignitrons

Back up:

To go in reverse.

Back up alarm:

An annoying loud beeping which is repeatedly sounded when a vehicle (usually a large truck) is placed in reverse. It is designed to warn pedestrians behind the vehicle. The British term is "reversing warning signal"

Back up light:

A white light which is located at the rear of the vehicle and is illuminated when the transmission is placed in reverse. The British term is "reversing light"

Back-voltage:

Voltage which opposes the current when the current in an inductive circuit changes and the magnetic field cuts the conductors.
Also See:
self-induction back-voltage

Backward busying:

Applying busy condition at the incoming end of a trunk or junction (usually during testing or fault-clearance) to indicate at outgoing end that circuit must not be used.

Backward diode:

One with characteristic of reverse shape to normal. Also called AU diode or back diode

Backward explicit congestion notification:

A method of dealing with overloading in a frame relay or asynchronous transfer mode network by setting a specific bit in the header of a frame or cell sent back from the destination to the source of traffic. On receiving this frame, the source reduces its offered load.

Backward hold:

A method of interlocking the links of a switching chain by originating a locking condition in the final link and extending it successively backwards to each of the preceding links

Backward lead:

See:
backward shift

Backward shift:

Movement of the brushes of a commutating machine around the commutator, from the neutral position, and in a direction opposite to that of the rotation of the commutator, so that the brushes short-circuit zero emf conductors when the load current, through armature reaction, results in a rotation of the neutral axis of the air-gap flux. Shifting the brushes in this way reduces sparking on the commutator. Also called backward lead

Backward signalling:

Signalling from the called to the calling end of a circuit.

Backward wave:

In a travelling-wave tube, a wave with group velocity in the opposite direction to the electron stream. Compare forward wave

Backward-wave tube:

General term for a family of microwave travelling-wave tubes in which energy on a slow-wave circuit or structure, linked closely to the electron beam, flows in the opposite direction to the electrons. They can be used as stable, low-noise amplifiers or as oscillators, as the latter, they can be easily tuned over a wide frequency range by altering he beam voltage.

Backward welding:

See:
backhand welding

Backwater:

Water, containing fine fibers, loading and other additives, removed in the forming section of a paper or board-making machine. It is generally re-used within the system or clarified in a saveall to recover suspended matter.

Back wave:

See:
spacing wave

BAC level:

Blood Alcohol level.

Badge:

An emblem with a manufacturer's name and/or logo on a plate to identify a model or component.
Also See:
bonnet badge
hood badge

Badge engineering:

When a manufacturer sells two identical vehicles but the model names are different, he is badge engineering. For example, General Motors may sell a vehicle as a Chevrolet or a Pontiac where the only difference is the model name, logo, and more or less chrome or other minor alterations.

Badging:

The tendency of a manufacturer to engage in badge engineering

Baffle:

1. An obstruction (e.g., plate or vane) used to slow down or divert the flow of gases, liquids, sound, etc. They are found in the fuel tank, crankcase, muffler, and radiator.
2. Extended surface surrounding a diaphragm of a sound source (loudspeaker) so that an acoustic short-circuit is prevented.
3. Any device to impede or divide a fluid flow in a tank to reduce sloshing of liquid.
4. Plates fitted between cylinders of air-cooled engines to assist cooling.
5. Internal structure or electrode, with no external connection, used in gas-filled tubes to control the discharge or its decay.

Also See:
arc baffle
box baffle

Baffle loudspeaker:

An open-diaphragm loudspeaker, in which the radiation of sound power is enhanced by surrounding it with a large plane baffle, generally of wood.

Baffle plate:

1. A metal plate that acts as a baffle.
2. A plate used to prevent the movement of a fluid in the direction which it would normally follow, and to direct it into the desired path.
3. Plate inserted into waveguide to produce change in mode of transmission.

Bag:

See:
air bag
courier bag
cruiser bag
driver air bag
passenger-side air bag
shot bag
side impact air bag
tank bag

Bagger:

A motorcycle equipped with saddlebags and other touring amenities.

Bag molding:

Use of a flexible membrane ( the "bag") to exert pressure, usually about one atmosphere, on a thermosetting composite laminate or sandwich component while it is curing at ambient temperature in an open mold. Pressure can be generated either by evacuating the inside of the bag (vacuum bag molding) or by pressurizing its outer surface (pressure bag molding).

Bagnet:

See:
bar bagnet

Bag pump:

A form of bellows pump, in which the valved disk taking the place of the bucket is connected to the base of the barrel by an elastic bag, distended at intervals by rings.

Bail:

The spring-wire loop used to secure the cover on most master cylinder reservoirs.

Bailey bridge:

A temporary bridge made by assembling portable prefabricated panels. A "nose" is projected over rollers across the stream, being followed by the bridge proper, with roadway. Used also over pontoons.

Baily furnace:

An electric-resistance furnace in which the resistance material is crushed coke placed between carbon electrodes; used for heating ingots and bars in rolling mills, for annealing, etc.

Bainite:

A microstructural product formed in steels when cooled from the austenite state at rates or transformation temperatures intermediate between those which form pearlite and martensite, i.e., between about 800 and 500 K. It is an acicular structure of supersaturated ferrite containing particles of carbide, the dispersions of the latter depending on the formation temperature. Its hardness is intermediate between that of pearlite and martensite and exhibits mechanical properties similar to those of tempered martensite in a steel of the same carbon content.

Bait:

See:
bear bait

Baize:

A lightweight woollen felt used to cover pool tables and bulletin boards.

Bake:

A process of drying or curing paint by using heat.

Baked core:

A dry sand core baked in the oven to render it hard and to fix its shape.
Also see:
core sand

Baked images:

The technique of heating a printing plate (mainly lithographic) to harden the printing image and thus increase the image's resistance to wear, hence lengthening the run expectancy on the press.

Bakelite:

The trademark for a synthetic thermosetting plastic resin used in electrical parts because it is a good insulator. The name comes from its inventor, L. H. Baekeland, 1863-1944.

Bake-out:

Preliminary heating of components of a vacuum device to release absorbed gases.

Baking finish:

Paint that requires baking in order to dry.

Baking temperature:

The temperature at which a varnish or paint must be baked to develop desired final properties of strength and hardness.

Balance:

1. The state in which weight is evenly distributed.
2. The action of applying weights or drilling holes in something to establish even weight distribution so that vibration is reduced.
3. Adjustment of sources of sound in studios so that the final transmission adheres to an artistic standard.
4. Said to be obtained in bridge measurements when the various impedances forming the arms of the bridge have been adjusted, so that no current flows through the detector.

aerodynamic balance
balance shaft
brake balance
counter balance
crankshaft counter-balance
current balance
dynamic balance
harmonic balancer
heat balance
kinetic balance
off-car balance
on-car balance
spool balance valve
static balance
steering wheel balance
tire balance
wheel balancer

Balance bar:

The heavy beam by which a canal-lock gate may be swung on its pintle, and which partially balances the outer end of the gate.

Balance box:

A box, filled with heavy material, used to counterbalance the weight of the jib and load of a crane of the cantilever type.

Balance-bridge:

See:
bascule bridge

Balance control:

A switching device on a stereo radio which adjusts the amount of sound coming from the left and right speakers or from the front and rear speakers.

Balance-crane:

A crane with two arms, one having counterpoise arrangements to balance the load taken by the other.

Balanced amplifier:

One in which there are two identical signal-handling branches operating in phase opposition, with input and output connections balanced to ground. A push-pull amplifier is an example.

Balanced-armature pick-up:

A pick-up in which the reproducing needle is held by a screw in a magnetic arm, which is pivoted so that its motion diverts magnetic flux from one arm of a magnetic circuit to another, thereby inducing emf in coils on these arms.

Balanced circuit:

For ac and dc, a circuit which is balanced to ground potential, i.e., the two conductors are at equal and opposite potentials with reference to ground at every instant.
Also See:
unbalanced circuit

Balanced crankshaft:

A crankshaft with extended reinforcements to form counterbalancing or act as a vibration damper.

Balanced current:

A term used, in connection with polyphase circuits, to denote currents which are equal to all the phases. Also applied to dc three-wire systems.

Balanced draught:

A system of air-supply to a boiler furnace, in which one fan forces air through the grate, while a second, situated in the uptake, exhausts the flue gases. The pressure in the furnace is thus kept atmospheric, i.e., is balanced.

Balanced engine:

An engine in which all the reciprocating parts such as pistons and connecting rods are adjusted to exactly the same weight.

Balance disc:

A disc-shaped device in a centrifugal pump which is attached to the pump shaft. The disc lifts when a force is applied to the underside of the disc allowing pressure to leak past until the axial forces are balanced.

Balanced laminate:

Symmetrical laminated material in which the sequence of laminae above the center plane is the mirror image of that below it.

Balanced line:

A line in which the impedances to ground of the two conductors are, or are made to be, equal. Also called balanced system

Balanced load:

A load connected to a polyphase system, or to a single-phase or dc three-wire system, in such a way that the currents taken from each phase, or from each side of the system, are equal and at equal power factors.

Balanced mixer:

A mixer, which may be made of discrete components or formed in stripline or waveguide, in which the local oscillator breakthrough in the output is minimized and certain harmonics suppressed. The contribution of local oscillator noise to the receiver's overall performance is also reduced by such a mixer.

Balanced modulator:

A modulator in which the carrier and modulating signal are combined in such a way that the output contains the two sidebands but not the carrier. Used in color television to modulate subcarriers, and in suppressed-carrier communication systems.

Balanced network:

A network arranged for insertion into a balanced circuit and therefore symmetrical electrically about the mid-points of its input and output pairs of terminals.

Balanced-pair cable:

A cable with two conductors forming a loop circuit, the wires being electrically balanced to each other and ground (shield), e.g., an open-wire antenna feeder. Compare co-axial cable

Balanced pedal:

In an organ console, the foot-operated plate, pivoted so that it stays in any position, for remote control of the shutter of the chambers in which ranks of organ pipes are situated; it also serves for bringing in all the stops in a graded series.
Also See:
swell pedal

Balanced protective system:

A form of protective system for electric transmission lines and now widely used domestically in which the current entering the line or apparatus is balanced against that leaving it. Any fault, such as a short circuit to ground, upsets this balance and energizes a relay which trips the faulty circuit. Also called differential protective system or colloquially, ground leak relay or ground trip.

Balanced system:

See:
balanced line

Balanced terminator:

A two-terminal load in which both terminals present the same impedance to ground.

Balanced voltage:

A term used, in connection with polyphase circuits, to denote voltage which are equal to all the phases. Also applied to dc three-wire systems.

Balanced weave:

A weave in which the length of free yarn between the intersections is the same as the warp and weft directions and on both sides of the fabric.

Balance gate:

A flood gate which revolves about a vertical shaft near its center, and which may be made either self-opening or self-closing as the current sets in or out by giving a preponderating area to one leaf of the gate.

Balance patch:

A factory installed patch used to bring a new tire within quality control balance tolerances before distribution and sale. It is placed inside the tire casing and looks much like a nail hole repair patch.

Balance pipe:

A tube which joins two or more carburetors to even out the flow difference.

Balance piston:

See:
dummy piston

Balance point:

Any point where a mass-haul curve cuts the datum line, showing that up to the point all excavated material has been used up in embankment.

Balancer:

A device used on polyphase or three-wire systems to equalize the voltages between the phases or the sides of the system, when unbalanced loads are being delivered.
Also See:
ac balancer.
harmonic balancer
wheel balancer

Balancer transformer:

An autotransformer connected across the outer conductors of an ac three-wire system, the neutral wire being connected to an intermediate tapping.

Balance shaft:

An engine will normally vibrate because of the up-and-down motion of the pistons which turn a crankshaft in one direction. A balance shaft rotates (often in the opposite direction) so that its vibration cancels some of the vibration of the engine. Sometimes an engine will have two balance shafts turning in opposite directions located on either side of the crankshaft.

Balance tab:

A tab whose movement depends upon that of the main control surface. It helps to balance the aerodynamic loads and reduces the stick forces. Compare servo tab, spring tab, trimming tab

Balance valve:

See:
spool balance valve

Balance weight:

1. A lead weight attached to the rim of a wheel.
2. Small weights threaded on radial arms on the movement of an indicating instrument, so adjusted that the pointer gives the same indication whatever the orientation of the instrument.
3. A weight used to counterbalance some part of a machine, e.g., weights applied to a crankshaft to minimize or neutralize the inertia forces due to reciprocating and rotating masses of the engine.
   Also See:
   wheel weight

Balancing:

1. Dismantling engine and reassembling it to exact specifications and tolerances. This process may help to improve engine performance, smoothness, and reliability. Sometimes called "blueprinting."
   Also See:
   balanced engine
2. Keeping wheels in balance.
3. In color reproduction, control of the levels of the three color components to achieve a satisfactory picture without obvious color bias, esp. in the representation of neutral grey tones.
4. The process of adjusting a traverse, i.e., applying corrections to the different survey lines and bearings so as to eliminate the closing error.

Also See:
wheel balancing
neutralization
off-the-car balancing
on-the-car balancing

Balancing antenna:

Auxiliary reception antenna which responds to interfering but not to the wanted signals. The interfering signals thus picked up are balanced against those picked up by the main antenna, leaving signals more free from interference.

Balancing capacitance:

See:
neutralizing capacitance

Balancing machine:

A machine for testing the extent to which a revolving part is out of balance, and to determine the weight and position of the masses to be added, or removed, to obtain balance.
Also See:
wheel balancing machine

Balancing speed:

See:
free-running speed

Balancing weight:

See:
wheel weight

Bald tire:

A tire on which the tread is all worn away. A slick also has no tread, but this is done deliberately for racing purposes.

Balk:

The material between two excavations. Also called baulk.

Balking:

See:
crawling

Balk ring:

A friction-regulated pawl or plunger used to make the engagement of gears easier. British spelling is "baulk ring"

Ball:

A sphere usually made of metal when used in automotive applications. Also see
ball and spring
ball bearing
ball joint
ball joint rocker arm
check ball
detent ball and spring
hitch ball
impact swivel ball universal joint
recirculating ball and nut steering
recirculating ball steering
recirculating ball worm and nut
recirculating ball
towing ball

Ball and nut:

See:
recirculating ball and nut steering

Ball-and-nut steering:

See:
recirculating ball steering

Ball and socket:

See:
ball joint

Ball-and-socket head:

Camera mounting allowing universal movement in rotation and tilt before fixing by clamping usually fitted to the top of tripod.

Ball-and-socket joint:

A joint between two rods, permitting considerable relative angular movement in any plane. A ball formed on the end of one rod is embraced by a spherical cup on the other. Used in light control systems (e.g., in connecting a pair of bell-cranks which operate in planes at right angles) and in the steering mechanism of motor vehicles, in which both ball and cups are of case-hardened metals. Heavier examples allow a large base plate to be placed under a supporting column in a jack-up pontoon or modified as bridge bearings to allow some articulation.
Also See:
ball joint

Ball and spring:

Also See:
detent ball and spring

Ballast:

1. Any liquid or solid weight (gravel or stone) placed in a ship to change the trim, increase the draft, or to regulate the stability.
2. A layer of broken stone, gravel, or other material deposited above the formation level of road or railway; it serves as foundation for road-metal or permanent-way respectively.
3. Sandy gravel used as a coarse aggregate in making concrete.

Also See:
dry ballast
lead ballast
liquid ballast

Ballast ignition system:

An ignition system which uses a ballast resistor connected in series with the coil primary winding and which is bypassed when the starter is engaged so that the spark is more efficient under cold weather starting.

Ballasting:

The addition of liquid or dry weight inside the tire to act as a counterbalance, to increase traction, reduce wheel spin, and dampen out bounce.

Ballast lamp:

Normal incandescent lamp used as a ballast resistor, current limiter, alarm, or to stabilize a discharge lamp.

Ballast resistance:

A term used in railway signalling to denote the resistance between the two track rails across the ballast on which the track is laid. If allowed to fall too low, it will have the effect of shunting the signal from a trains's wheels.

Ballast resistor: (BAL RES)

1. A resistor inserted into a circuit to swamp or compensate changes, e.g., those arising through temperature fluctuations. One similarly used to swamp the negative resistance of an arc or gas discharge. Also called ballast tube.
2. A resistor constructed of a special type wire, the properties of which tend to increase or decrease the voltage in direct proportion to the heat of the wire.

Also See:
barretter

Ballast tank:

Tanks at the bottom or sides of a ship which are filled with seawater for ballasting purpose.

Ballast tube:

See:
ballast resistor

Ball bearing:

An antifriction bearing consisting of an inner and outer hardened steel race (or cage) separated by a series of hardened steel balls.
Also See:
annular ball bearing
linear ball bearing
recirculating-ball thread

Ball bearing puller:

A tool for removing a ball bearing from a shaft or from a housing.

Ball cage:

A circular frame which holds the balls in place in a ball bearing.

Ball check valve:

Valve assembly which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Ball-ended magnet:

A permanent magnet, consisting of a steel wire with a steel ball attached to each end; this gives a close approximation to a unit pole.

Ball end hexagon screwdriver:

A tool that looks like an Allen wrench except it has a small ball at the very end. This arrangement allows it to work at various angles.

Balling:

1. A process that occurs in the cementite constituent of steels on prolonged annealing at 650° -700°C.
2. The operation of forming balls in a puddling furnace.

Ballistic circuit breaker:

A very high-speed circuit breaker, in which the pressure produced by the fusing of an enclosed wire causes interruption of the circuit.

Ballistic galvanometer:

A galvanometer with a long swing period; the deflection measures the electric charge in a current pulse or the time integral of a voltage pulse.

Ballistic method:

A method of high-grade testing used in electrical engineering, a ballistic galvanometer being used.

Ballistic missile:

See:
missile

Ballistic pendulum:

A heavy block suspended by strings so that its swings are restricted to one plane. If a bullet is fired into the block, the velocity of the bullet may be calculated from a measurement of the angle of swing of the pendulum.

Ballistics:

The study of the dynamics of the path taken by an object moving under the influence of a gravitational field.

Ball joint:

A flexible joint using a ball and socket type of construction, used in steering linkage setups, steering knuckle pivot supports, etc. Their flexibility helps to compensate for the changes in the wheel and steering when turning or hitting a bump on the road. There are usually upper and lower ball joints attached to the upper and lower A-arms. Some haave a grease nipple to allow periodic lubrication.

Ball joint rocker arm:

A rocker arm used by GM that is mounted upon a ball-shaped device on the end of a stud instead of being mounted around a shaft.

Ball joint separator:

A tool for forcing out ball or tapered joints. One style is shaped like a two-prong fork with a wedge-shaped jaw which is struck with a hammer to separate the joint. Another style uses direct pressure from a screw or screw-activated lever action to split the joint.

Ball joint steering knuckle:

A steering knuckle that pivots on ball joints instead of on a kingpin.

Ballonet:

An air compartment in the envelope of an aerostat, used to adjust changes of volume in the filler gas.

Balloon:

A general term for aircraft supported by buoyancy and not driven mechanically.
Also See:
barrage balloon

Balloon barrage:

An anti-aircraft device consisting of suitably disposed tethered balloons

Balloon former:

On rotary presses, an additional former mounted above the others, from which folded webs are gathered to make up the sections of multi-sectioned newspapers or magazines.
Also See:
length fold collection

Ballooning of yarn:

The shape taken up by yarns on the spinning or doubling machines.

Balloon tire:

A type of low pressure tire which was first introduced in the 1920s. Its width and height were the same which gave it a rounded shape. This style was used on bicycles as well as automobiles.

Ballot:

A vehicle brand of which the 1925-1948 model automobiles with required application are classic cars.

Ballotini:

Small, solid glass spheres or beads used as a filler for plastics and to increase reflectivity in paints and printing inks. Compare hollow glass microspheres

Ball-pane hammer:

A fitter's hammer, the head of which has a flat face at one end, and a smaller hemi-spherical face or pane at the other; used chiefly in riveting. Also called ball pien hammer

Ball pien hammer:

A hammer with two ends on the head. One is round and the other is flat. They are best used for hammering and shaping metal. Also spelled "ball peen"

Ball peen hammer:

A hammer with two ends on the head. One is round and the other is flat. They are best used for hammering and shaping metal. Also spelled "ball pien"

Ball race:

1. The inner or outer steel ring forming one of the ball tracks of a ball bearing.
2. Commonly, the complete ball bearing

Ball sizing:

Forcing a suitable ball through a hole to finish size it, usually part of a broach with a series of spherical lands of increasing size arranged along it.

Ball socket:

A recessed spherical well for receiving the ball in a ball joint

Ball steering:

See:
recirculating ball steering

Ball track:

See:
ball bearing

Ball universal:

See:
impact swivel ball universal joint

Ball universal joint:

See:
impact swivel ball universal joint

Ball valve:

A check valve in which a ball in a tube is used to control the flow of liquid.

Ball worm:

See:
recirculating ball worm and nut

Ball worm and nut:

See:
recirculating ball worm and nut

BALPA:

Acronym for British Airline Pilots Association

BAL RES:

Abbreviation for ballast resistor

Bambi:

Trucker slang for a deer (dead or alive) as in "There's a Bambi on the side at the 43 yardstick."

Banana plug:

A single conductor plug which has a spring metal tip, in the shape of a banana. The corresponding socket or jack is termed a banana jack

Banbury mixer:

Type of machine used for compounding rubber with vulcanizing ingredients and carbon black.

Band:

Bands are like a metal belt which is in the shape of a circle where the two ends are close, but do not meet. They wrap around parts inside the transmission called "drums." The drums house the gears and clutches and freewheel until a certain gear needs to be applied. When first gear needs to be applied, the drum for first gear is locked up by the application of the band. By locking up the drum, the gears now drive the wheels rather than freewheel inside the drum.
Also See:
absorption band
allowed band
back band
brake band
frequency band
power band
squish band

Band brake:

A flexible band wrapped partially around the periphery of a wheel or drum. One end is anchored, and the braking force is applied to the other.
Also See:
brake band

Band chain:

Steel tape. More accurate than ordinary chain.

Band clutch:

A friction clutch in which a fabric-lined steel band is contracted on to the periphery of the driving member by engaging gear.

Band conveyor:

An endless band passing over, and driven by, horizontal pulleys, thus forming a moving track which is used to convey loose material or small articles. Also called belt conveyor or conveyor belt

Band edge energy:

The energy of the edge of the conduction band or valence band in a solid, measured with respect to some convenient reference or else used as the reference level for other energy states.
Also See:
band theory of solids

Band gap:

The range of energies which correspond with those values which are forbidden for delocalized states, according to the band theory of solids. Localized states such as those associated with ionized dopants, impurity atoms, or crystal imperfections exist in the gap. The generation of pairs of electrons and holes requires quanta of at least the energy of the band gap. Direct recombination likewise furnishes quanta with energies at least equal to the band gap.
Also See:
optoelectronics

Band ignitor tube:

A valve of mercury pool type in which the control electrode is a metal band outside the glass envelope. Also called capacitron

Banding:

1. A structural feature of wrought metallic materials revealed by etching, resulting from microstructural segregates and constitutional differences within the grain structure becoming drawn out in the direction of working.
2. Defect in videotape recording heads causing visible horizontal bands in the picture.

Band-pass filter:

Filter which freely passes currents having frequencies within specified nominal limits, and highly attenuates currents with frequencies outside these limits.

Band radio:

See:
citizens band radio

Band-rejection filter:

See:
band-stop filter

Bands:

See:
band

Bandsaw:

A narrow endless strip of saw-blading running over and driven by pulleys, as a belt; the strip passes a work table placed normal to the straight part of the blade. The workpiece is forced against the blade and intricate shapes can be cut. Also used for cutting animal carcases in butchery.

Band spectrum:

Molecular optical spectrum consisting of numerous very closely spaced lines which are spread through a limited band of frequencies.

Band-spreading:

1. Use of a relatively small tuning capacitor in parallel with the main tuning capacitor of a radio receiver, so that fine tuning control can be done with the smaller; useful when the frequency band is crowded.
2. Mechanical means, like reduction gearing, to achieve the same result.

Band-stop filter:

Filter which attenuates signals having frequencies within a certain range or band, while freely passing those outside this range. Also called band-rejection filter

Band theory of solids:

For atoms brought together to form a crystalline solid, their outermost electrons are influenced by a periodic potential function, so that their possible energies form bands of allowed values separated by bands of forbidden values (in contrast to the discrete energy states of an isolated atom). These electrons are not localized or associated with any particular atom in the solid. This band structure is of fundamental importance in explaining the properties of metals, semiconductors, and insulators.
Also See:
energy band
conduction band
valence band

Bandwidth:

1. The range of audio frequencies that an audio component (radio) can handle.
2. The width, or spread, of the range of frequencies used for a given purpose, e.g., the width of individual channels allotted to speech or to television transmissions.
3. The space occupied in the frequency domain by signals of a specified nature, e.g., telephone quality speech, broadcast-quality stereophonic music, television, radar transmission, etc.
4. The range of frequencies within which the characteristics of a device (filter, amplifier, etc.) are within specified limits, often the points at which the performance has changed by 3 dB from a mean level, or the half-power points.

B & S:

See:
bore and stroke.

B & S gage:

Abbreviation for "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire diameter.

B & S gauge:

Abbreviation for "Brown and Sharpe." A standard measure of wire diameter.

Banger:

1. A colloquial term used to express the cylinders in an engine. Often used with a number such as " six banger."
   Also See:
   four banger
2. A British colloquial term for beater (an older, cheaper, well-worn car which is still usable).
3. One who fakes an accident.
   Also See:
   car banger

Banger racing:

A competition of speed on small racing tracks where older cars are driven as fast as they can go and where bumping other racing cars is permitted (encouraged??).

Banging:

See:
car banging

Banjo:

1. Besides being a musical instrument, this is a fitting which is shaped like a banjo. It has round end that is doughnut shaped with a tube coming out from one side. It is usually used to transfer fluid from the center hole of the round end and out the lateral tube.
2. A drum-shaped central part of an axle casing containing the differential.
   Also See:
   rear axle housing, banjo type
   axle housing banjo

Banjo axle:

The commonest form of rear-axle casing in which the provision of the differential casing in the center produces a resemblance to a banjo with two necks.

Banjo fitting:

A type of hydraulic fitting, shaped like a banjo, through which a hollow bolt passes, allowing fluid transfer from a hydraulic line to a hydraulic component.

Bank:

A number of similar pieces of equipment grouped in line and connected, e.g., a bank of engine cylinders, coke ovens, or transformers.
Also See:
cylinder bank

Banked boiler:

A boiler furnace in which the rate of combustion is purposely reduced to a very low rate for a period during which the demand for steam has ceased by e.g., covering the fire with slack or fine coal or banking up. Also called banked fire.
Also See:
dead bank

Banked fire:

See:
banked boiler

Banking:

1. The slope of a track from the wall to the apron, generally measured in the corners.
2. Angular displacement of the wings of an aircraft about the longitudinal axis, to assist turning. In other words, tipping the plane so that one wing drops while the other rises.
3. Process of suspending operation in a smelter by feeding fuel into the furnace only until as much metal and slag as possible have been removed, after which all air inlets are closed.

Banquette:

1. A raised footway inside a bridge parapet.
2. A ledge on the face of a cutting.

Also See:
berm

Bar:

1. A unit of pressure. One bar equals 100 kilopascals (10 ⁵Pa) or 750.07 mm of mercury at 0°C and latitude 45° or about 14.5 psi.
2. A rod.
3. A pivoted bar, parallel to a running rail, which being depressed by the wheels of a train, is capable of holding points or giving information about a train's position
4. Material of uniform cross-section, which may be cast, rolled, or extruded.

Also see:
angle bar
anti-roll bar
antiroll bar
anti-sway bar
antisag bar
arbitration bar
armature bars
balance bar
boring bar
bulb bar
bull bar
bumper bar
bus-bar
compensating bar
compensator
extension bar
freeway bar
gunwale bar
header bar
hi-way bar
highway bar
hood bar
ladder bars
landau bar
landau bars
levering bar
locking bar clamp
main bar
nerf bar
nudge bar
port bar
push bar
roo bar
side impact bar
sissy bar
spring bar
stabilizer bar
stringer bar
strut bar
sway bar
t-bar
targa bar
test bar
tommy bar
torsion bar
track bar
traction bar
tread bar
wear bars
wheelie bar
wheelie bars
wobble extension bar

Barach:

The author and compiler of this dictionary at Motorera.com

Bar-and-yoke:

Method of magnetic testing in which the sample is in the form of a bar, clamped into a yoke of relatively large cross-section, which forms a low reluctance return path for the flux.

Barathea:

Woven fabric used for coats and suits and made from silk, worsted, or man-made fibers. Characteristic surface appearance arising from the twill or broken-rib weave used in its manufacture.

Barba's law:

Law concerned with the plastic deformation of metal test pieces when strained to fracture in a tensile test; it states that test pieces of identical size deform in a similar manner.

Barbershop:

Trucker slang for a low overpass as in "I saw a driver take his trailer to the barbershop last week."

Bar clamp:

A tool with a stationary head and a sliding foot for clamping purposes.
Also See:
locking bar clamp

Bare:

A term signifying slightly smaller than the specified dimension. Compare full

Bare conductor:

A conductor not continuously covered with insulation, but supported intermittently by insulators, e.g., bus-bars and overhead lines.

Bare electrodes:

Electrodes used in welding that are not coated with a basic slag-forming substance.

Bar ends:

Short handlebar extensions which are attached to the ends of a mountain bike handlebar.

Bar end shifter:

A bicycle gear shifter that is inserted into each of the ends of a handlebar.

Bare shell:

The shell of a car body in which all parts have been removed including doors, hood, and trunk lid.

Barge:

A flat-bottomed boat for carrying cargo or bunker oil, usually pulled by tugs.
Also See:
tank-barge

Barge carriers:

Ships designed to carry barges.

Bar generator:

Source of pulse signals, giving a bar pattern for testing TV cathode-ray tubes.

Barium ferrite:

See:
ferrite

Bar keel:

See:
keelson

Barkhausen effect:

The phenomenon of discontinuous changes in the magnetization of a magnetic material while the magnetizing field is smoothly varied. It is the consequence of sudden changes in the domain structure as domain walls overcome various pinning defects and to a lesser extent as domain orientations discontinuously rotate away from preferred crystal areas H. G. Barkhausen (in 1919) detected voltage pulses induced in coils surrounding a magnetic sample as it was magnetized. Analogous ultrasonic emissions are also associated with the magnetization of magnetostrictive materials. The character of Barkhausen emissions is strongly dependent on microstructure and stress.

Barkhause-Kurz oscillator:

Oscillator with a triode valve having its grid more positive than the anode. Electrons oscillate about the grid before reaching the anode. Output frequency depends on the transit time of electrons through the tube.

Bar lathe:

A small lathe of which the bed consists of a single bar of circular, triangular, or rectangular section.

Barlow lens:

A plano-convex lens between the objective and eye-piece of a telescope to increase the magnification by increasing the effective focal length.

Bar bagnet:

A straight bar-shaped permanent magnet, with a pole at each end.

Bar mill:

A rolling mill with grooved rolls, for producing round, square, or other forms of bar iron of small section.

Barn:

Unit of effective cross-sectional area of nucleus equal to 10 ^-28 m². So called because it was pointed out that although one barn is a very small unit of area, to an elementary particle the size of an atom which could capture it is "as big as a barn door."
Also See:
cross-section

Barn door:

Pair of adjustable flaps on a studio lamp for controlling the light.

Barnett effect:

Magnetization of a ferromagnetic material by rapid rotation of the specimen. Used to measure magnetic susceptibility.
Also See:
Einstein-de Haas effect #E#H

Barney:

A soft cover to reduce noise from a film camera.

BARO:

1. Acronym for barometric pressure sensor.
2. Acronym for barometric absolute pressure sensor

Barograph:

A recording barometer, usually of the aneroid type, in which variations of atmospheric pressure cause movement of a pen which traces a line on a clockwork driven revolving drum.

Barometer:

An instrument used for the measurement of atmospheric pressure. The mercury barometer is preferable if the highest accuracy of readings is important, but where compactness has to be considered, the aneroid barometer is often used.
Also See:
altimeter

Barometric absolute pressure sensor: (BARO or BP)

1. A sensor that provides ambient atmospheric pressure information.
2. Sends a variable voltage signal to the computer which varies in accord with atmospheric pressure, allowing adjustment of the spark advance, EGR flow, and air/fuel ratio as a function of altitude.

Also called a barometric pressure sensor

Barometric and manifold absolute pressure sensor:

(BMAP) A housing containing both BP and MAP sensors.

Barometric corrections:

Necessary corrections to the readings of a mercury barometer for index error, temperature, latitude, and height.

Barometric error:

The error in the time of swing of a pendulum due to change of air pressure. Though small, it is sometimes avoided in clocks by causing the pendulum to swing in an atmosphere of constant (low) pressure.

Barometric pressure:

The pressure of the atmosphere as read by a barometer. Expressed in millibars (see bar), the height of a column of mercury, or (SI) in hectopascals.

Barometric pressure sensor:

(BARO or BP) A sensor found in the engine management system which detects the ambient barometric pressure so that precise fuel mixture can be maintained at different altitudes.

Barometric tendency:

The rate of change of atmospheric pressure with time. The change of pressure during the previous three hours.

Barostat:

A device which maintains constant atmospheric pressure in a closed volume, e.g., the input and output pressure of fuel metering device of a gas turbine to compensate for atmospheric pressure variation with altitude.

Barrage:

See:
balloon barrage

Barrage balloon:

A small captive kite balloon, the cable of which is intended to destroy low-flying aircraft.

Barred code:

Any dialled code that automatic exchange apparatus is printed to reject by connecting the caller no further than number unobtainable tone.

Barrel:

1. A hollow, usually cylindrical, machine part, often revolving, sometimes with wall apertures
2. The air horn in the carburetor. In particular, it is that part where the throttle valve is located. If a carburetor has four openings with a throttle valve in each, it is called a "four-barrel carburetor."
   Also See:
   carburetor barrel
   four barrel carburetor
   four barrel
3. Another name for the carburetor barrel, cylinder, cylinder barrel, four barrel, polishing barrel, and single barrel.
4. To travel fast as in We barrelled down the highway well above the speed limit.
5. The main cylinder in which molten polymer is prepared for extrusion or injection into molds.
   Also See:
   injection molding
6. (bbl) A capacity of 42 US gallons (35 imperial gallons or 159.1 liters) frequently used as a unit in the oil industry.

Barrel cam:

A cylindrical cam with circumferential or end track.

Barrel carburetor:

See:
four barrel carburetor
single barrel carburetor
twin barrel carburetor

Barrel distortion:

Curvilinear distortion of an optical or electronic image in which horizontal and vertical straight lines appear barrel-shaped, bowed outwards. Also called positive distortion.
Also see:
pincushion distortion

Barrel etcher:

A device usually used to oxidize and thereby strip away hardened photoresist materials during semiconductor processing. In it a batch of wafers is exposed to a low-pressure oxygen plasma.
Also see:
semiconductor device processing

Barrel hopper:

A machine for unscrambling, orienting and feeding small components during a manufacturing process, in which a revolving barrel tumbles the components on to a sloping, vibrating feeding blade.

Barrel plating:

Electroplating of many small items by placing them in a perforated barrel revolving in a vat filled with an appropriate plating solution. The barrel is made the cathode in the cell and the articles tumble against each other during rotation, continually touching at different places, and so become uniformly coated with the electrodeposit.

Barrel shape:

A drum defect caused by excessive wear at the center of the friction surface.

Barrel tappet:

A hollow rocker arm shaped like a barrel.

Barrel temperatures:

Temperatures at which an extrusion or injection molding barrel is kept, usually rising to a peak at the nozzle. The range is determined by the polymer type and its melt viscosity.
Also see:
injection molding

Barrel-type crankcase:

A gasoline-engine crankcase so constructed that the crankshaft must be removed from one end; in more normal construction the crankcase is split.
Also see:
split crankcase

Barrel wear:

A type of brake drum wear in which the center of the friction surface is worn more than the edges

Barrel winding:

See:
drum winding

Barretter:

Iron-wire resistor mounted in a glass bulb containing hydrogen, and having a temperature variation so arranged that the change of resistance ensures that the current in the circuit in which it is connected remains substantially constant over a wide range of voltage. Also called ballast tube

Barricade:

See:
A-frame barricade
breakaway barricade

Barrier:

1. In transformers, the solid insulating material which provides the main insulation, apart from the oil.
2. The refractory material intended to localize or direct any arc which may arise on the operation of a circuit breaker.
   

Also see:
crash barrier

Barrier cream:

A special cream which is applied to your hands before working on a greasy engine. When the job is over, you can wash your hands and easily remove the grease stains. Also called invisible glove or silicon glove

Barrier effect:

The effect produced by coating metal to shield it from corrosion.

Barrier layer:

1. In semiconductor junctions, the depletion layer
2. In an optical fiber cable, an intermediate layer of glass between the low refractive index core and the high refractive index cladding.
3. In general a layer placed so as to inhibit interdiffusion of heat, matter, etc.

Barrier-layer capacitance:

See:
depletion layer capacitance

Barrier paint:

A primer which is used on bare metal to prevent corrosion.

Barrier penetration:

The passage of a sound wave, at an angle for which Snell's law predicts zero transmission, through a very thin layer.

Barring gear:

An arrangement for moving heavy electrical plant, using manpower. Rotating machines and transformers are equipped with wheels and movement is possible by inserting crowbars at suitable points and levering the equipment.

Barring motor:

A small motor which can be temporarily connected, by a gear or clutch, to a large machine to turn it slowly for adjustment or inspection.

Bar roof:

See:
T bar roof

Bars:

See:
armature bars
bar
ladder bars
landau bars
wear bars
wheelie bars

Bar suspension:

A method of mounting the motor on an electrically propelled vehicle. One side of the motor is supported on the driving axle and the other side by a spring-suspended bar lying transversely across the truck. Also called yoke suspension.
Also see:
torsion bar suspension

Bar-type current transformer:

A current transformer in which the primary consists of a single conductor that passes centrally through the iron core upon which the secondary is wound.

Bar winding:

An armature winding for an electric machine whose conductors are formed of copper bars.

Bar-wound armature:

An armature with large sectioned conductors which are insulated and fixed in position and connected, in contrast with former-wound conductors which are sufficiently thin to be inserted, after shaping in a suitable jig.

Barye:

See:
microbar

Base:

1. The lowest supporting part of an upright member.
2. The bottom layer or coating in a series of paint coats.
3. The major ingredient, other than pigments and filler, that make up the non-volatile portion of an adhesive, coating, or sealing compound.
4. The region between the emitter and collector of a transistor, into which minority carriers are injected. It is essentially the control electrode of the transistor.
5. The part of an electron tube which has pins, leads, or terminals through which connections are made to the internal electrodes.
6. The thin flexible support on which a photographic emulsion or magnetic coating is carried.

Also See:
bead base
edison base
flat base rim taper
flat base rim
lithium base grease
load base
negative load base
rim well base

Base and clear system:

Paint finish which is made up of a colored base coat (usually a metallic finish) and clear lacquer coat.

Base circle:

As applied to the camshaft the lowest spot on the cam, the area of the cam directly opposite the lobe or nose. No lift is produced by the base circle. Also called cam heel

Base coat:

The first coat in a paint system. It is either the undercoat or primer or a colored coat which is covered by clear lacquer.

Base gasket:

The gasket directly below the cylinder and between the cylinder and crankcase. Also called cylinder gasket.

Base grease:

See:
lithium base grease

Base idle:

The idle speed determined by the throttle lever setting on the carburetor or throttle body while the idle speed control (ISC) motor, or any other computer-controlled idle speed control device, is fully retracted and disconnected.

Base interest rate:

The interest paid on the usage of the vehicle during a lease. It is the "cost" of a lease before factoring in discounts, fees, and penalties and is not directly comparable to the APR for a loan. Lowering the base interest rate is one of the methods manufacturers use to subsidize leases. The phrase "money factor" measures the same cost and can be converted into a base interest rate. For example, to convert a money factor of 0.00276 into an approximate base interest rate would multiply the money factor by 24. The result would be 0.0662 or 6.6%.

Baseline:

A fore-and-aft reference line at the upper surface of the flat plate keel at the centerline for flush shell plated vessels. Vertical dimensions are measured from a horizontal plane through the baseline, often called the molded baseline.

Base material:

Any material (metal or plastic) which needs to be coated.

Base metal:

1. Metal that is under a coating or that needs to be coated.
2. Metal to be welded, cut, or brazed.

Base model:

The least expensive vehicle with the least amount of features as standard equipment. It has the smallest engine and often manual transmission as well as few power equipment. Base models constitute only a small percentage of the cars sold. Sometimes called a "stripper" or "stripped down" unit.

Baseplate:

A strong metal plate which is the main support for something.
Also see:
distributor baseplate

Base rim:

See:
flat base rim
flat base rim taper

Base rim taper:

See:
flat base rim taper

Basher:

A small studio lamp placed close to or on the camera mounting.

Basic ignition setting:

The ignition setting on a non-running engine according to the specifications. After the engine is running, the timing can be set more accurately.

Basic ignition timing:

The ignition timing on a non-running engine according to the specifications. After the engine is running, the timing can be set more accurately.

Basic loading:

The limiting mechanical load, per unit length, on an overhead line conductor.

Basic price:

The price of a vehicle without including any optional accessories, taxes, delivery charges, etc.

Basic